Review the Research<\/p>\n
Get summaries of key research on vitamin D and COVID-19<\/h5><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nAnalysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/span><\/h2><\/div>The<\/span> data <\/span>from this study <\/span>provides<\/span> evidence <\/span>that <\/span>vitamin D <\/span>may have an <\/span>anti\u2010inflammatory<\/span> effect<\/span> on COVID\u201019 patients<\/span> and vitamin D<\/span> may provide protective <\/span>effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- Serum cytokine concentrations in COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than in controls.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 <\/span>(6.82 \u00b1 3.29 ng\/dl) <\/span>than compared to the control group <\/span>(21.96 \u00b1 5.39 ng\/dl)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- There was a negative correlation between vitamin D levels and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 = -0.513; IL-6 = -0.473; TNF-a = -0.545)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
![](\"https:\/\/www.vitamindandme.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Bayraktar95-300x200.jpg\" "\\"Female")
<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>A<\/span> total of 74 participants were included<\/span>;<\/span> The<\/span> patient’s group <\/span>contained<\/span> 31 (19 females and 12 males) cases with<\/span> severe COVID<\/span>\u2010<\/span>19 and 43 individuals (16 females and 27 males)<\/span> without a history of serious illness as a control group.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- COVID-19 patients were vitamin D deficient while controls were insufficient.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Low vitamin D levels may be due to increased melanin, malabsorption, obesity, and abstinence of the sun.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Decreased vitamin D levels may lead to decreased NK cell activity.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>COVID\u201019 virus induces cytokine production. It induces pro\u2010<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>inflammatory responses, proliferates efficiently from the human respiratory tract, those infected with viruses increase pro\u2010inflammatory<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cytokine and chemokine production within 24 h. Levels of all viruses<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tested were measured and high cytokines were found, especially IL\u20106,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were found to be significantly higher. Our data in<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Table 1 shows that the virus enables uptake and cytokine storm<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>production. High levels of cytokine storm syndrome’ may be one of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the critical hallmarks of COVID\u201019 disease severity. There is ample<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>evidence that vitamin D is essential for normal immune and lung<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>functions to fight pathogens and prevent autoimmune diseases. It is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>demonstrated that there exists the potential of vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infection by modulating the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>innate immune response. As vitamin D therapy can reduce the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>COVID\u201019 diseaseburden, so daily supplementation is preferred to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>better outcomes in COVID\u201019 patients. Preventing vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe COVID\u201019 seems prudent as vitamin D<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>deficiency is very common and it is associated with both an increased<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>risk of various inflammatory diseases and increased susceptibility to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>infections including COVID\u201019.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- Patients were divided into two groups. Patients in the COVID\u201019 group<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(n = 31) and individuals without a history of serious illness or infection were used as<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the control group (n = 43). The serum concentrations of interleukin\u20101 (IL\u20101), IL\u20106,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>IL\u201010, IL\u201021, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) were measured by enzyme\u2010linked<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>immunosorbent assays. Levels of serum vitamin D were detected with Liquid<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry methodologies. TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201021,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and vitamin D levels were measured in all patients.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Bayraktar<\/span> N, <\/span>Turan<\/span> H, <\/span>Bayraktar<\/span> M, Ozturk A, <\/span>Erdo\u011fdu<\/span> H. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med <\/span>Virol<\/span>. 2022 Jan;94(1):154-160. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1002\/jmv.27294. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Aug 30. PMID: 34427934; PMCID: PMC8661791.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/span><\/h2><\/div>The<\/span> data <\/span>from this study <\/span>provides<\/span> evidence <\/span>that <\/span>vitamin D <\/span>may have an <\/span>anti\u2010inflammatory<\/span> effect<\/span> on COVID\u201019 patients<\/span> and vitamin D<\/span> may provide protective <\/span>effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- Serum cytokine concentrations in COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than in controls.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 <\/span>(6.82 \u00b1 3.29 ng\/dl) <\/span>than compared to the control group <\/span>(21.96 \u00b1 5.39 ng\/dl)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- There was a negative correlation between vitamin D levels and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 = -0.513; IL-6 = -0.473; TNF-a = -0.545)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>A<\/span> total of 74 participants were included<\/span>;<\/span> The<\/span> patient’s group <\/span>contained<\/span> 31 (19 females and 12 males) cases with<\/span> severe COVID<\/span>\u2010<\/span>19 and 43 individuals (16 females and 27 males)<\/span> without a history of serious illness as a control group.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- COVID-19 patients were vitamin D deficient while controls were insufficient.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Low vitamin D levels may be due to increased melanin, malabsorption, obesity, and abstinence of the sun.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Decreased vitamin D levels may lead to decreased NK cell activity.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>COVID\u201019 virus induces cytokine production. It induces pro\u2010<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>inflammatory responses, proliferates efficiently from the human respiratory tract, those infected with viruses increase pro\u2010inflammatory<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cytokine and chemokine production within 24 h. Levels of all viruses<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tested were measured and high cytokines were found, especially IL\u20106,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were found to be significantly higher. Our data in<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Table 1 shows that the virus enables uptake and cytokine storm<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>production. High levels of cytokine storm syndrome’ may be one of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the critical hallmarks of COVID\u201019 disease severity. There is ample<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>evidence that vitamin D is essential for normal immune and lung<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>functions to fight pathogens and prevent autoimmune diseases. It is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>demonstrated that there exists the potential of vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infection by modulating the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>innate immune response. As vitamin D therapy can reduce the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>COVID\u201019 diseaseburden, so daily supplementation is preferred to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>better outcomes in COVID\u201019 patients. Preventing vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe COVID\u201019 seems prudent as vitamin D<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>deficiency is very common and it is associated with both an increased<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>risk of various inflammatory diseases and increased susceptibility to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>infections including COVID\u201019.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- Patients were divided into two groups. Patients in the COVID\u201019 group<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(n = 31) and individuals without a history of serious illness or infection were used as<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the control group (n = 43). The serum concentrations of interleukin\u20101 (IL\u20101), IL\u20106,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>IL\u201010, IL\u201021, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) were measured by enzyme\u2010linked<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>immunosorbent assays. Levels of serum vitamin D were detected with Liquid<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry methodologies. TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201021,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and vitamin D levels were measured in all patients.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Bayraktar<\/span> N, <\/span>Turan<\/span> H, <\/span>Bayraktar<\/span> M, Ozturk A, <\/span>Erdo\u011fdu<\/span> H. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med <\/span>Virol<\/span>. 2022 Jan;94(1):154-160. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1002\/jmv.27294. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Aug 30. PMID: 34427934; PMCID: PMC8661791.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
Take Home Message<\/span><\/h2><\/div>The<\/span> data <\/span>from this study <\/span>provides<\/span> evidence <\/span>that <\/span>vitamin D <\/span>may have an <\/span>anti\u2010inflammatory<\/span> effect<\/span> on COVID\u201019 patients<\/span> and vitamin D<\/span> may provide protective <\/span>effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- Serum cytokine concentrations in COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than in controls.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 <\/span>(6.82 \u00b1 3.29 ng\/dl) <\/span>than compared to the control group <\/span>(21.96 \u00b1 5.39 ng\/dl)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- There was a negative correlation between vitamin D levels and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 = -0.513; IL-6 = -0.473; TNF-a = -0.545)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>A<\/span> total of 74 participants were included<\/span>;<\/span> The<\/span> patient’s group <\/span>contained<\/span> 31 (19 females and 12 males) cases with<\/span> severe COVID<\/span>\u2010<\/span>19 and 43 individuals (16 females and 27 males)<\/span> without a history of serious illness as a control group.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- COVID-19 patients were vitamin D deficient while controls were insufficient.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Low vitamin D levels may be due to increased melanin, malabsorption, obesity, and abstinence of the sun.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Decreased vitamin D levels may lead to decreased NK cell activity.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>COVID\u201019 virus induces cytokine production. It induces pro\u2010<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>inflammatory responses, proliferates efficiently from the human respiratory tract, those infected with viruses increase pro\u2010inflammatory<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cytokine and chemokine production within 24 h. Levels of all viruses<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tested were measured and high cytokines were found, especially IL\u20106,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were found to be significantly higher. Our data in<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Table 1 shows that the virus enables uptake and cytokine storm<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>production. High levels of cytokine storm syndrome’ may be one of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the critical hallmarks of COVID\u201019 disease severity. There is ample<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>evidence that vitamin D is essential for normal immune and lung<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>functions to fight pathogens and prevent autoimmune diseases. It is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>demonstrated that there exists the potential of vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infection by modulating the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>innate immune response. As vitamin D therapy can reduce the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>COVID\u201019 diseaseburden, so daily supplementation is preferred to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>better outcomes in COVID\u201019 patients. Preventing vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe COVID\u201019 seems prudent as vitamin D<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>deficiency is very common and it is associated with both an increased<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>risk of various inflammatory diseases and increased susceptibility to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>infections including COVID\u201019.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- Patients were divided into two groups. Patients in the COVID\u201019 group<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(n = 31) and individuals without a history of serious illness or infection were used as<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the control group (n = 43). The serum concentrations of interleukin\u20101 (IL\u20101), IL\u20106,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>IL\u201010, IL\u201021, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) were measured by enzyme\u2010linked<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>immunosorbent assays. Levels of serum vitamin D were detected with Liquid<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry methodologies. TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201021,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and vitamin D levels were measured in all patients.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Bayraktar<\/span> N, <\/span>Turan<\/span> H, <\/span>Bayraktar<\/span> M, Ozturk A, <\/span>Erdo\u011fdu<\/span> H. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med <\/span>Virol<\/span>. 2022 Jan;94(1):154-160. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1002\/jmv.27294. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Aug 30. PMID: 34427934; PMCID: PMC8661791.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
The<\/span> data <\/span>from this study <\/span>provides<\/span> evidence <\/span>that <\/span>vitamin D <\/span>may have an <\/span>anti\u2010inflammatory<\/span> effect<\/span> on COVID\u201019 patients<\/span> and vitamin D<\/span> may provide protective <\/span>effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> A<\/span> total of 74 participants were included<\/span>;<\/span> The<\/span> patient’s group <\/span>contained<\/span> 31 (19 females and 12 males) cases with<\/span> severe COVID<\/span>\u2010<\/span>19 and 43 individuals (16 females and 27 males)<\/span> without a history of serious illness as a control group.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> COVID\u201019 virus induces cytokine production. It induces pro\u2010<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>inflammatory responses, proliferates efficiently from the human respiratory tract, those infected with viruses increase pro\u2010inflammatory<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cytokine and chemokine production within 24 h. Levels of all viruses<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tested were measured and high cytokines were found, especially IL\u20106,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were found to be significantly higher. Our data in<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Table 1 shows that the virus enables uptake and cytokine storm<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>production. High levels of cytokine storm syndrome’ may be one of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the critical hallmarks of COVID\u201019 disease severity. There is ample<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>evidence that vitamin D is essential for normal immune and lung<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>functions to fight pathogens and prevent autoimmune diseases. It is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>demonstrated that there exists the potential of vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infection by modulating the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>innate immune response. As vitamin D therapy can reduce the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>COVID\u201019 diseaseburden, so daily supplementation is preferred to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>better outcomes in COVID\u201019 patients. Preventing vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe COVID\u201019 seems prudent as vitamin D<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>deficiency is very common and it is associated with both an increased<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>risk of various inflammatory diseases and increased susceptibility to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>infections including COVID\u201019.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div> Bayraktar<\/span> N, <\/span>Turan<\/span> H, <\/span>Bayraktar<\/span> M, Ozturk A, <\/span>Erdo\u011fdu<\/span> H. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med <\/span>Virol<\/span>. 2022 Jan;94(1):154-160. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1002\/jmv.27294. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Aug 30. PMID: 34427934; PMCID: PMC8661791.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>
\n
Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>
\n
Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>