Review the Research<\/p>\n
Get summaries of key research on vitamin D and COVID-19<\/h5><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nAssociation of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis<\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/span><\/h2><\/div>In this meta-analysis it is suggested that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater severity of COVID\u201019 infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Purpose<\/span><\/h2><\/div>To evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/b>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- The overall risk of bias of the included studies was high due to a lack of control of confounding variables<\/li>\n
- Vitamin D deficiency was associated with significantly higher mortality, higher rates of hospital admission and longer hospital stays and no significant difference in ICU admissions.<\/li>\n
- The significant difference between patients with vitamin D deficiency and nondeficiency levels remained in most of the subgroup analyses (25(OH)D cut\u2010offs for the definition of vitamin D deficiency, geographic location and latitude).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>![](\"http:\/\/vitamindandme.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/woman-taking-supplements-at-home-picture-id1227599466.jpg\")
<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Seventeen observational studies with 2756 eligible adult patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the analyses.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- It is important to consider that the studies included are limited to the inclusion exclusion criteria of the study design and therefore may miss important studies with slightly different design but meaningful data.<\/li>\n
- In addition, in order to conduct a meta-analysis the studies included must have similar endpoints to extract and in doing so researchers may group together studies that are not the same but will be analyzed as the same which can lead to skewed conclusions.<\/li>\n
- A meta-analysis only includes studies that have been published and therefore information gathered may be subject to publication bias. This means that studies that show no effect or the opposite of the expected effect may not be published and therefore not included<\/li>\n
- These studies were observational in nature and were not conducted under an experimental design therefore there was no control for confounding variables such as age, other illness, obesity, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater COVID\u201019 infection severity as measured by rates of mortality, hospital admission and duration of hospital stay. Longitudinal interventional studies are warranted to determine if vitamin D supplementation can decrease COVID\u201019 infection severity.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines were followed to report this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis.<\/li>\n
- A comprehensive database search, including MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In\u2010Process & Other Non\u2010Indexed Citations and Daily, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus, from 1 January 2019 to 3 December 2020 was conducted. Reference mining of existing systematic reviews\/meta\u2010analyses, preprint medical literature from medRxiv. org, and relevant primary studies were conducted to identify additional studies.<\/li>\n
- Eligible studies (1) included patients with laboratory\u2010confirmed COVID\u201019 diagnosis (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]); (2) documented evaluation of total serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level within 3 months of COVID\u201019 diagnosis; (3) availability of a comparison group: comparing vitamin D deficiency to nondeficiency (includes normal vitamin D status and insufficiency); and (4) reported outcomes of interest (mortality, hospital admission, length of hospital stay and intensive care unit [ICU] admission).<\/li>\n
- The 25(OH)D cut\u2010offs for defining vitamin D deficiency were defined by each study.<\/li>\n
- The risk of bias of the included studies using the modified Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale, in terms of representativeness of study cohort, ascertainment of exposure, comparability between groups, outcome data source and assessment of outcome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Wang Z, Joshi A, Leopold K, Jackson S, Christensen S, Nayfeh T, Mohammed K, Creo A, Tebben P, Kumar S. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Jun 23:10.1111\/cen.14540. doi: 10.1111\/cen.14540. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34160843; PMCID: PMC8444883.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis<\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/span><\/h2><\/div>In this meta-analysis it is suggested that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater severity of COVID\u201019 infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Purpose<\/span><\/h2><\/div>To evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/b>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- The overall risk of bias of the included studies was high due to a lack of control of confounding variables<\/li>\n
- Vitamin D deficiency was associated with significantly higher mortality, higher rates of hospital admission and longer hospital stays and no significant difference in ICU admissions.<\/li>\n
- The significant difference between patients with vitamin D deficiency and nondeficiency levels remained in most of the subgroup analyses (25(OH)D cut\u2010offs for the definition of vitamin D deficiency, geographic location and latitude).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Seventeen observational studies with 2756 eligible adult patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the analyses.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- It is important to consider that the studies included are limited to the inclusion exclusion criteria of the study design and therefore may miss important studies with slightly different design but meaningful data.<\/li>\n
- In addition, in order to conduct a meta-analysis the studies included must have similar endpoints to extract and in doing so researchers may group together studies that are not the same but will be analyzed as the same which can lead to skewed conclusions.<\/li>\n
- A meta-analysis only includes studies that have been published and therefore information gathered may be subject to publication bias. This means that studies that show no effect or the opposite of the expected effect may not be published and therefore not included<\/li>\n
- These studies were observational in nature and were not conducted under an experimental design therefore there was no control for confounding variables such as age, other illness, obesity, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater COVID\u201019 infection severity as measured by rates of mortality, hospital admission and duration of hospital stay. Longitudinal interventional studies are warranted to determine if vitamin D supplementation can decrease COVID\u201019 infection severity.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines were followed to report this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis.<\/li>\n
- A comprehensive database search, including MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In\u2010Process & Other Non\u2010Indexed Citations and Daily, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus, from 1 January 2019 to 3 December 2020 was conducted. Reference mining of existing systematic reviews\/meta\u2010analyses, preprint medical literature from medRxiv. org, and relevant primary studies were conducted to identify additional studies.<\/li>\n
- Eligible studies (1) included patients with laboratory\u2010confirmed COVID\u201019 diagnosis (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]); (2) documented evaluation of total serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level within 3 months of COVID\u201019 diagnosis; (3) availability of a comparison group: comparing vitamin D deficiency to nondeficiency (includes normal vitamin D status and insufficiency); and (4) reported outcomes of interest (mortality, hospital admission, length of hospital stay and intensive care unit [ICU] admission).<\/li>\n
- The 25(OH)D cut\u2010offs for defining vitamin D deficiency were defined by each study.<\/li>\n
- The risk of bias of the included studies using the modified Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale, in terms of representativeness of study cohort, ascertainment of exposure, comparability between groups, outcome data source and assessment of outcome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Wang Z, Joshi A, Leopold K, Jackson S, Christensen S, Nayfeh T, Mohammed K, Creo A, Tebben P, Kumar S. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Jun 23:10.1111\/cen.14540. doi: 10.1111\/cen.14540. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34160843; PMCID: PMC8444883.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
Take Home Message<\/span><\/h2><\/div>In this meta-analysis it is suggested that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater severity of COVID\u201019 infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Purpose<\/span><\/h2><\/div>To evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/b>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- The overall risk of bias of the included studies was high due to a lack of control of confounding variables<\/li>\n
- Vitamin D deficiency was associated with significantly higher mortality, higher rates of hospital admission and longer hospital stays and no significant difference in ICU admissions.<\/li>\n
- The significant difference between patients with vitamin D deficiency and nondeficiency levels remained in most of the subgroup analyses (25(OH)D cut\u2010offs for the definition of vitamin D deficiency, geographic location and latitude).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Seventeen observational studies with 2756 eligible adult patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the analyses.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- It is important to consider that the studies included are limited to the inclusion exclusion criteria of the study design and therefore may miss important studies with slightly different design but meaningful data.<\/li>\n
- In addition, in order to conduct a meta-analysis the studies included must have similar endpoints to extract and in doing so researchers may group together studies that are not the same but will be analyzed as the same which can lead to skewed conclusions.<\/li>\n
- A meta-analysis only includes studies that have been published and therefore information gathered may be subject to publication bias. This means that studies that show no effect or the opposite of the expected effect may not be published and therefore not included<\/li>\n
- These studies were observational in nature and were not conducted under an experimental design therefore there was no control for confounding variables such as age, other illness, obesity, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater COVID\u201019 infection severity as measured by rates of mortality, hospital admission and duration of hospital stay. Longitudinal interventional studies are warranted to determine if vitamin D supplementation can decrease COVID\u201019 infection severity.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n- The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines were followed to report this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis.<\/li>\n
- A comprehensive database search, including MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In\u2010Process & Other Non\u2010Indexed Citations and Daily, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus, from 1 January 2019 to 3 December 2020 was conducted. Reference mining of existing systematic reviews\/meta\u2010analyses, preprint medical literature from medRxiv. org, and relevant primary studies were conducted to identify additional studies.<\/li>\n
- Eligible studies (1) included patients with laboratory\u2010confirmed COVID\u201019 diagnosis (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]); (2) documented evaluation of total serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level within 3 months of COVID\u201019 diagnosis; (3) availability of a comparison group: comparing vitamin D deficiency to nondeficiency (includes normal vitamin D status and insufficiency); and (4) reported outcomes of interest (mortality, hospital admission, length of hospital stay and intensive care unit [ICU] admission).<\/li>\n
- The 25(OH)D cut\u2010offs for defining vitamin D deficiency were defined by each study.<\/li>\n
- The risk of bias of the included studies using the modified Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale, in terms of representativeness of study cohort, ascertainment of exposure, comparability between groups, outcome data source and assessment of outcome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>Wang Z, Joshi A, Leopold K, Jackson S, Christensen S, Nayfeh T, Mohammed K, Creo A, Tebben P, Kumar S. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Jun 23:10.1111\/cen.14540. doi: 10.1111\/cen.14540. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34160843; PMCID: PMC8444883.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
In this meta-analysis it is suggested that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater severity of COVID\u201019 infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> To evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div> Seventeen observational studies with 2756 eligible adult patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the analyses.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater COVID\u201019 infection severity as measured by rates of mortality, hospital admission and duration of hospital stay. Longitudinal interventional studies are warranted to determine if vitamin D supplementation can decrease COVID\u201019 infection severity.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> Wang Z, Joshi A, Leopold K, Jackson S, Christensen S, Nayfeh T, Mohammed K, Creo A, Tebben P, Kumar S. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Jun 23:10.1111\/cen.14540. doi: 10.1111\/cen.14540. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34160843; PMCID: PMC8444883.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>Purpose<\/span><\/h2><\/div>
<\/b>Results<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/span><\/h2><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/span><\/h2><\/div>
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Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
“<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Study Design<\/span><\/h2><\/div>
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Reference<\/span><\/h2><\/div>