Review the Research<\/p>\n
Get summaries of key research on vitamin D and COVID-19<\/h5><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nHabitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a prospective study in UK Biobank<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/h2><\/div>In this prospective study, <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> self-reported <\/span><\/span><\/span>use of<\/span><\/span> vitamin D supplements was associated with a lower risk of<\/span><\/span> COVID-19 infection, independent of lifestyle, socio-economic<\/span><\/span> status, prevalent chronic diseases and circulating vitamin D<\/span><\/span> levels. Circulating vitamin D levels at baseline or genetically<\/span><\/span> predicted vitamin D levels were not associated with the <\/span><\/span>risk<\/span><\/span> of COVID-19 infection.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>UK Biobank recruited 502,624 participants aged 37-73 years across England, Scotland and Wales between 2006 and 2010. Its aim was to identify the causes of disease and death in middle and old age by following up participants over time. At baseline, biological measurements were recorded and touch-screen questionnaires were administered according to a standardized protocol. The<\/span> current analyses were restricted to participants who have records<\/span> of COVID-19 test results from 22 <\/span>UK <\/span>assessment centers.<\/span> E<\/span>xclu<\/span>sion criteria include<\/span> participants<\/span> with incomplete data on the use of vitamin D supplements, serum<\/span> vitamin D<\/span> levels<\/span> and<\/span>\/or<\/span> cigarette<\/span> use<\/span>. A total of 8297 participants<\/span> were included in the final analysis<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Length of Study<\/h2><\/div>A positive COVID-19 test result between <\/span>March<\/span> 16,<\/span> 2020 and June<\/span> 29,<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- A total of 4.4% <\/span>(N=363) <\/span>of<\/span> the participants reported regular use of vitamin D.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Compared<\/span> with participants not using vitamin D supplements, the <\/span>self-reported <\/span>habitual<\/span> users <\/span>of\u00a0<\/span> vitamin<\/span> D<\/span> supplements were older; more likely<\/span> to be non-white, female and non-<\/span>current<\/span> smokers; and were<\/span> more likely to have a healthy diet<\/span> and lower prevalence of <\/span>obesity<\/span> and cardiovascular disease<\/span> but higher prevalence of cancer or COPD at baseline. Users<\/span> of vitamin D supplements also tended to take more <\/span>other <\/span>o<\/span>t<\/span> types of <\/span>supplements.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Co<\/span>mpared with the nonusers, the <\/span>self-reported <\/span>habitual users of vitamin D had a significantly higher level of<\/span> circulating vitamin D <\/span>(<\/span>56.0<\/span> \u00b1<\/span> 20.8<\/span> nmol\/L<\/span> vs. 47.0<\/span> \u00b1<\/span> 21.1<\/span> nmol\/L<\/span>, respectively<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Of<\/span> 8297 participants who had records of COVID-19 test<\/span> r<\/span>esults, 16.6% (1378\/8297) of the total <\/span>study <\/span>population tested positive<\/span> for <\/span>COVID-19<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- In the unadjusted model, vitamin D users<\/span> did not have a significantly lower risk of COVID-19 infection<\/span> as compared with non<\/span>users <\/span> However, further adjustment for age, sex, race,<\/span> research centers, laboratory,<\/span> origin (outpatient or inpatient),<\/span> blood-type haplotype, years of education, TDI, smoking, <\/span>moderate<\/span> drinking, physical activity, healthy diet score, and use<\/span> of any other <\/span>supplements strengthened the association, and a<\/span> significant, inverse association <\/span>between habitual use of vitamin D<\/span> supplements and risk of COVID-19 infection was <\/span>observed (OR,<\/span> 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46\u20130.98; P = 0.038). An additional adjustment<\/span> f<\/span>or baseline <\/span>disease status (obesity, diabetes, hypertension,<\/span> high cholesterol, cardiovascular <\/span>diseases, cancer, asthma, and<\/span> COPD) and circulating vitamin D did not appreciably <\/span>alter<\/span> the results (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45\u20130.97; P = 0.034<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- \u00a0<\/span>No <\/span>significant association <\/span>was found <\/span>between baseline<\/span> circulating vitamin D levels and the risk of COVID-19 infection.<\/span> The risk of COVID-19 was similar <\/span>for<\/span> participants with vitamin D deficiency<\/span> (<\/span>defined as <\/span><25 nmol\/L), vitamin D insufficiency (<\/span>defined as <\/span>25\u201350 nmol\/L) and<\/span> vitamin D sufficiency<\/span> (<\/span>defined as <\/span>>50 nmol\/L).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
![](\"http:\/\/vitamindandme.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/18Ma-iStock-468327978.jpg\")
<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>\n- Th<\/span>is study<\/span> might be subject<\/span>ed<\/span> to selection bias. If COVID-19 testing was<\/span> more likely in vitamin<\/span> D<\/span> users than nonusers, this might introduce<\/span> a selection bias. <\/span> \u00a0 <\/span>However, <\/span>a<\/span> significant association<\/span> between the use of vitamin D supplements and <\/span> receiving COVID-19 tests <\/span>was not found <\/span>in the study population<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- In addition, <\/span>COVID-19 <\/span>tests were largely restricted to<\/span> participants with symptoms in hospitals during the spring<\/span> period,<\/span>who might not represent the whole population in the United<\/span> Kingdom.<\/span> Therefore, caution should be taken in interpreting<\/span> the observations.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
Habitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a prospective study in UK Biobank<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/h2><\/div>In this prospective study, <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> self-reported <\/span><\/span><\/span>use of<\/span><\/span> vitamin D supplements was associated with a lower risk of<\/span><\/span> COVID-19 infection, independent of lifestyle, socio-economic<\/span><\/span> status, prevalent chronic diseases and circulating vitamin D<\/span><\/span> levels. Circulating vitamin D levels at baseline or genetically<\/span><\/span> predicted vitamin D levels were not associated with the <\/span><\/span>risk<\/span><\/span> of COVID-19 infection.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>UK Biobank recruited 502,624 participants aged 37-73 years across England, Scotland and Wales between 2006 and 2010. Its aim was to identify the causes of disease and death in middle and old age by following up participants over time. At baseline, biological measurements were recorded and touch-screen questionnaires were administered according to a standardized protocol. The<\/span> current analyses were restricted to participants who have records<\/span> of COVID-19 test results from 22 <\/span>UK <\/span>assessment centers.<\/span> E<\/span>xclu<\/span>sion criteria include<\/span> participants<\/span> with incomplete data on the use of vitamin D supplements, serum<\/span> vitamin D<\/span> levels<\/span> and<\/span>\/or<\/span> cigarette<\/span> use<\/span>. A total of 8297 participants<\/span> were included in the final analysis<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Length of Study<\/h2><\/div>A positive COVID-19 test result between <\/span>March<\/span> 16,<\/span> 2020 and June<\/span> 29,<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- A total of 4.4% <\/span>(N=363) <\/span>of<\/span> the participants reported regular use of vitamin D.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Compared<\/span> with participants not using vitamin D supplements, the <\/span>self-reported <\/span>habitual<\/span> users <\/span>of\u00a0<\/span> vitamin<\/span> D<\/span> supplements were older; more likely<\/span> to be non-white, female and non-<\/span>current<\/span> smokers; and were<\/span> more likely to have a healthy diet<\/span> and lower prevalence of <\/span>obesity<\/span> and cardiovascular disease<\/span> but higher prevalence of cancer or COPD at baseline. Users<\/span> of vitamin D supplements also tended to take more <\/span>other <\/span>o<\/span>t<\/span> types of <\/span>supplements.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Co<\/span>mpared with the nonusers, the <\/span>self-reported <\/span>habitual users of vitamin D had a significantly higher level of<\/span> circulating vitamin D <\/span>(<\/span>56.0<\/span> \u00b1<\/span> 20.8<\/span> nmol\/L<\/span> vs. 47.0<\/span> \u00b1<\/span> 21.1<\/span> nmol\/L<\/span>, respectively<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Of<\/span> 8297 participants who had records of COVID-19 test<\/span> r<\/span>esults, 16.6% (1378\/8297) of the total <\/span>study <\/span>population tested positive<\/span> for <\/span>COVID-19<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- In the unadjusted model, vitamin D users<\/span> did not have a significantly lower risk of COVID-19 infection<\/span> as compared with non<\/span>users <\/span> However, further adjustment for age, sex, race,<\/span> research centers, laboratory,<\/span> origin (outpatient or inpatient),<\/span> blood-type haplotype, years of education, TDI, smoking, <\/span>moderate<\/span> drinking, physical activity, healthy diet score, and use<\/span> of any other <\/span>supplements strengthened the association, and a<\/span> significant, inverse association <\/span>between habitual use of vitamin D<\/span> supplements and risk of COVID-19 infection was <\/span>observed (OR,<\/span> 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46\u20130.98; P = 0.038). An additional adjustment<\/span> f<\/span>or baseline <\/span>disease status (obesity, diabetes, hypertension,<\/span> high cholesterol, cardiovascular <\/span>diseases, cancer, asthma, and<\/span> COPD) and circulating vitamin D did not appreciably <\/span>alter<\/span> the results (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45\u20130.97; P = 0.034<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- \u00a0<\/span>No <\/span>significant association <\/span>was found <\/span>between baseline<\/span> circulating vitamin D levels and the risk of COVID-19 infection.<\/span> The risk of COVID-19 was similar <\/span>for<\/span> participants with vitamin D deficiency<\/span> (<\/span>defined as <\/span><25 nmol\/L), vitamin D insufficiency (<\/span>defined as <\/span>25\u201350 nmol\/L) and<\/span> vitamin D sufficiency<\/span> (<\/span>defined as <\/span>>50 nmol\/L).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>\n- Th<\/span>is study<\/span> might be subject<\/span>ed<\/span> to selection bias. If COVID-19 testing was<\/span> more likely in vitamin<\/span> D<\/span> users than nonusers, this might introduce<\/span> a selection bias. <\/span> \u00a0 <\/span>However, <\/span>a<\/span> significant association<\/span> between the use of vitamin D supplements and <\/span> receiving COVID-19 tests <\/span>was not found <\/span>in the study population<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- In addition, <\/span>COVID-19 <\/span>tests were largely restricted to<\/span> participants with symptoms in hospitals during the spring<\/span> period,<\/span>who might not represent the whole population in the United<\/span> Kingdom.<\/span> Therefore, caution should be taken in interpreting<\/span> the observations.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
Take Home Message<\/h2><\/div>In this prospective study, <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> self-reported <\/span><\/span><\/span>use of<\/span><\/span> vitamin D supplements was associated with a lower risk of<\/span><\/span> COVID-19 infection, independent of lifestyle, socio-economic<\/span><\/span> status, prevalent chronic diseases and circulating vitamin D<\/span><\/span> levels. Circulating vitamin D levels at baseline or genetically<\/span><\/span> predicted vitamin D levels were not associated with the <\/span><\/span>risk<\/span><\/span> of COVID-19 infection.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>UK Biobank recruited 502,624 participants aged 37-73 years across England, Scotland and Wales between 2006 and 2010. Its aim was to identify the causes of disease and death in middle and old age by following up participants over time. At baseline, biological measurements were recorded and touch-screen questionnaires were administered according to a standardized protocol. The<\/span> current analyses were restricted to participants who have records<\/span> of COVID-19 test results from 22 <\/span>UK <\/span>assessment centers.<\/span> E<\/span>xclu<\/span>sion criteria include<\/span> participants<\/span> with incomplete data on the use of vitamin D supplements, serum<\/span> vitamin D<\/span> levels<\/span> and<\/span>\/or<\/span> cigarette<\/span> use<\/span>. A total of 8297 participants<\/span> were included in the final analysis<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Length of Study<\/h2><\/div>A positive COVID-19 test result between <\/span>March<\/span> 16,<\/span> 2020 and June<\/span> 29,<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- A total of 4.4% <\/span>(N=363) <\/span>of<\/span> the participants reported regular use of vitamin D.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Compared<\/span> with participants not using vitamin D supplements, the <\/span>self-reported <\/span>habitual<\/span> users <\/span>of\u00a0<\/span> vitamin<\/span> D<\/span> supplements were older; more likely<\/span> to be non-white, female and non-<\/span>current<\/span> smokers; and were<\/span> more likely to have a healthy diet<\/span> and lower prevalence of <\/span>obesity<\/span> and cardiovascular disease<\/span> but higher prevalence of cancer or COPD at baseline. Users<\/span> of vitamin D supplements also tended to take more <\/span>other <\/span>o<\/span>t<\/span> types of <\/span>supplements.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Co<\/span>mpared with the nonusers, the <\/span>self-reported <\/span>habitual users of vitamin D had a significantly higher level of<\/span> circulating vitamin D <\/span>(<\/span>56.0<\/span> \u00b1<\/span> 20.8<\/span> nmol\/L<\/span> vs. 47.0<\/span> \u00b1<\/span> 21.1<\/span> nmol\/L<\/span>, respectively<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Of<\/span> 8297 participants who had records of COVID-19 test<\/span> r<\/span>esults, 16.6% (1378\/8297) of the total <\/span>study <\/span>population tested positive<\/span> for <\/span>COVID-19<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- In the unadjusted model, vitamin D users<\/span> did not have a significantly lower risk of COVID-19 infection<\/span> as compared with non<\/span>users <\/span> However, further adjustment for age, sex, race,<\/span> research centers, laboratory,<\/span> origin (outpatient or inpatient),<\/span> blood-type haplotype, years of education, TDI, smoking, <\/span>moderate<\/span> drinking, physical activity, healthy diet score, and use<\/span> of any other <\/span>supplements strengthened the association, and a<\/span> significant, inverse association <\/span>between habitual use of vitamin D<\/span> supplements and risk of COVID-19 infection was <\/span>observed (OR,<\/span> 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46\u20130.98; P = 0.038). An additional adjustment<\/span> f<\/span>or baseline <\/span>disease status (obesity, diabetes, hypertension,<\/span> high cholesterol, cardiovascular <\/span>diseases, cancer, asthma, and<\/span> COPD) and circulating vitamin D did not appreciably <\/span>alter<\/span> the results (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45\u20130.97; P = 0.034<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- \u00a0<\/span>No <\/span>significant association <\/span>was found <\/span>between baseline<\/span> circulating vitamin D levels and the risk of COVID-19 infection.<\/span> The risk of COVID-19 was similar <\/span>for<\/span> participants with vitamin D deficiency<\/span> (<\/span>defined as <\/span><25 nmol\/L), vitamin D insufficiency (<\/span>defined as <\/span>25\u201350 nmol\/L) and<\/span> vitamin D sufficiency<\/span> (<\/span>defined as <\/span>>50 nmol\/L).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>\n- Th<\/span>is study<\/span> might be subject<\/span>ed<\/span> to selection bias. If COVID-19 testing was<\/span> more likely in vitamin<\/span> D<\/span> users than nonusers, this might introduce<\/span> a selection bias. <\/span> \u00a0 <\/span>However, <\/span>a<\/span> significant association<\/span> between the use of vitamin D supplements and <\/span> receiving COVID-19 tests <\/span>was not found <\/span>in the study population<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- In addition, <\/span>COVID-19 <\/span>tests were largely restricted to<\/span> participants with symptoms in hospitals during the spring<\/span> period,<\/span>who might not represent the whole population in the United<\/span> Kingdom.<\/span> Therefore, caution should be taken in interpreting<\/span> the observations.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
In this prospective study, <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> self-reported <\/span><\/span><\/span>use of<\/span><\/span> vitamin D supplements was associated with a lower risk of<\/span><\/span> COVID-19 infection, independent of lifestyle, socio-economic<\/span><\/span> status, prevalent chronic diseases and circulating vitamin D<\/span><\/span> levels. Circulating vitamin D levels at baseline or genetically<\/span><\/span> predicted vitamin D levels were not associated with the <\/span><\/span>risk<\/span><\/span> of COVID-19 infection.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> UK Biobank recruited 502,624 participants aged 37-73 years across England, Scotland and Wales between 2006 and 2010. Its aim was to identify the causes of disease and death in middle and old age by following up participants over time. At baseline, biological measurements were recorded and touch-screen questionnaires were administered according to a standardized protocol. The<\/span> current analyses were restricted to participants who have records<\/span> of COVID-19 test results from 22 <\/span>UK <\/span>assessment centers.<\/span> E<\/span>xclu<\/span>sion criteria include<\/span> participants<\/span> with incomplete data on the use of vitamin D supplements, serum<\/span> vitamin D<\/span> levels<\/span> and<\/span>\/or<\/span> cigarette<\/span> use<\/span>. A total of 8297 participants<\/span> were included in the final analysis<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> A positive COVID-19 test result between <\/span>March<\/span> 16,<\/span> 2020 and June<\/span> 29,<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>
Length of Study<\/h2><\/div>
Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\n
<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>
\n