Review the Research<\/p>\n
Get summaries of key research on vitamin D and COVID-19<\/h5><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nVitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/h2><\/div>Vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>deficiency<\/span><\/span><\/span> may be<\/span><\/span><\/span> related to <\/span><\/span>short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span>C<\/span><\/span>OVID<\/span><\/span><\/span>-19 outcomes and therefore it may impr<\/span><\/span>ove outcomes to screen and address levels of vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>during treatmen<\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 The study authors recommend furt<\/span><\/span><\/span>her study using randomized controlled trials to evaluate the e<\/span><\/span><\/span>ff<\/span><\/span><\/span>ects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation and confirm <\/span><\/span><\/span>this preliminary hypotheses<\/span><\/span><\/span>, which was drawn from an observational study.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>120 patients<\/span><\/span> (69% males, mean age 62.3)<\/span><\/span> with severe cases of diagnosed COVID-19 admitted to a single center in Algeria from <\/span>July<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 6 to <\/span><\/span>A<\/span><\/span>ugust 14<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 2020<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- Approximately three-quarters of enrolled patients had an inadequate 25 (OH) D level, distributed as follows: vitamin D insufficiency (19.2%), vitamin D deficiency (29.2%), and severe <\/span>vitamin D deficiency (26.7%).\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Hypocalcemia on admission was also very common as only 35.8% of patients admitted had adequate levels of corrected serum calcium.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- During their follow-up, about 25% of the patients developed an AKI, 19.2% developed a cardiac injury and 30.8% of them did not survive.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- T<\/span>he mean duration between intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death was 7.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7\u2009days, range [03\u201328] days.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- The worse the vitamin D status and the worse the calcium <\/span>levels, the<\/span> worse the outcomes. <\/span>This association was independent of other confounding<\/span> (related)<\/span> factors with already proven prognostic value such as inflammatory markers (CRP, NLR and neutrophils), AKI, cardiac injury, gender, and age.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
![](\"http:\/\/vitamindandme.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/21Annweiler-iStock-1214643007.jpg\")
<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>This is a small study from a single center<\/span>. They did not look at <\/span>other<\/span> nutritional deficiencies that may have been related and impacted their findings.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>This<\/span><\/span> study demonstrates the high frequency of hypocalcemia and hypovitaminosis D in severe COVID-19 patients and provides further evidence of their potential link to poor short-term prognosis. It is, therefore, possible that correction of albuminemia, hypocalcemia as well as supplementation with vitamin D may attenuate the severity and improve the vital prognosis. Randomized controlled trials should be conducted to evaluate the effects of this supplementation and to confirm preliminary hypotheses drawn from observational studies<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/h2><\/div>All patients were assessed for vitamin D status <\/span>subjects were assigned into one of the following categories based on their total 25 (OH) D levels: optimal: (>78\u2009nmol\/l or >30\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), insufficiency (52\u201375\u2009nmol\/l or 20\u201329\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), deficiency (26\u201352\u2009nmol\/l or 10\u201320\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l) and severe deficiency (<26\u2009nmol\/l or <10\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l). Serum calcium was also assessed<\/span> and<\/span> hypocalcemia was defined as a corrected serum calcium level of less than 2.20\u2009mmol\/<\/span>l<\/span> .<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nIn addition to 25 (OH) D and total serum calcium, all patients were tested upon admission for the following laboratory parameters: hypersensitive troponin (<\/span>hsTrp<\/span>), inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelets; blood glucose and renal markers: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (<\/span>Scr<\/span>); nutritional markers: serum albumin, total protein, and total cholesterol (TC); liver enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), \u03b3-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nAcute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 <\/span>guidelines by<\/span> an increase in serum creatinine of 26.5\u2009<\/span>\u03bcmol<\/span>\/l (03\u2009mg\/l) within 48\u2009hours or at least a 50% increase in serum creatinine over 7\u2009days. Cardiac injury was defined based on the <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> Kit by an <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> >100\u2009ng\/l or an increase of more than 30% of the baseline value.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Reference<\/h2><\/div>B<\/span>ennouar<\/span> S, Cherif AB, <\/span>Kessira<\/span> A, <\/span>Bennouar<\/span> DE, Abdi S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll <\/span>Nutr<\/span>. 2021 Feb;40(2):104-110. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1080\/07315724.2020.1856013. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33434117; PMCID: PMC7814570.<\/span> https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33434117\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div>Take Home Message<\/h2><\/div>Vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>deficiency<\/span><\/span><\/span> may be<\/span><\/span><\/span> related to <\/span><\/span>short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span>C<\/span><\/span>OVID<\/span><\/span><\/span>-19 outcomes and therefore it may impr<\/span><\/span>ove outcomes to screen and address levels of vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>during treatmen<\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 The study authors recommend furt<\/span><\/span><\/span>her study using randomized controlled trials to evaluate the e<\/span><\/span><\/span>ff<\/span><\/span><\/span>ects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation and confirm <\/span><\/span><\/span>this preliminary hypotheses<\/span><\/span><\/span>, which was drawn from an observational study.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>120 patients<\/span><\/span> (69% males, mean age 62.3)<\/span><\/span> with severe cases of diagnosed COVID-19 admitted to a single center in Algeria from <\/span>July<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 6 to <\/span><\/span>A<\/span><\/span>ugust 14<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 2020<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- Approximately three-quarters of enrolled patients had an inadequate 25 (OH) D level, distributed as follows: vitamin D insufficiency (19.2%), vitamin D deficiency (29.2%), and severe <\/span>vitamin D deficiency (26.7%).\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Hypocalcemia on admission was also very common as only 35.8% of patients admitted had adequate levels of corrected serum calcium.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- During their follow-up, about 25% of the patients developed an AKI, 19.2% developed a cardiac injury and 30.8% of them did not survive.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- T<\/span>he mean duration between intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death was 7.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7\u2009days, range [03\u201328] days.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- The worse the vitamin D status and the worse the calcium <\/span>levels, the<\/span> worse the outcomes. <\/span>This association was independent of other confounding<\/span> (related)<\/span> factors with already proven prognostic value such as inflammatory markers (CRP, NLR and neutrophils), AKI, cardiac injury, gender, and age.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>This is a small study from a single center<\/span>. They did not look at <\/span>other<\/span> nutritional deficiencies that may have been related and impacted their findings.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>This<\/span><\/span> study demonstrates the high frequency of hypocalcemia and hypovitaminosis D in severe COVID-19 patients and provides further evidence of their potential link to poor short-term prognosis. It is, therefore, possible that correction of albuminemia, hypocalcemia as well as supplementation with vitamin D may attenuate the severity and improve the vital prognosis. Randomized controlled trials should be conducted to evaluate the effects of this supplementation and to confirm preliminary hypotheses drawn from observational studies<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/h2><\/div>All patients were assessed for vitamin D status <\/span>subjects were assigned into one of the following categories based on their total 25 (OH) D levels: optimal: (>78\u2009nmol\/l or >30\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), insufficiency (52\u201375\u2009nmol\/l or 20\u201329\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), deficiency (26\u201352\u2009nmol\/l or 10\u201320\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l) and severe deficiency (<26\u2009nmol\/l or <10\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l). Serum calcium was also assessed<\/span> and<\/span> hypocalcemia was defined as a corrected serum calcium level of less than 2.20\u2009mmol\/<\/span>l<\/span> .<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nIn addition to 25 (OH) D and total serum calcium, all patients were tested upon admission for the following laboratory parameters: hypersensitive troponin (<\/span>hsTrp<\/span>), inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelets; blood glucose and renal markers: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (<\/span>Scr<\/span>); nutritional markers: serum albumin, total protein, and total cholesterol (TC); liver enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), \u03b3-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nAcute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 <\/span>guidelines by<\/span> an increase in serum creatinine of 26.5\u2009<\/span>\u03bcmol<\/span>\/l (03\u2009mg\/l) within 48\u2009hours or at least a 50% increase in serum creatinine over 7\u2009days. Cardiac injury was defined based on the <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> Kit by an <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> >100\u2009ng\/l or an increase of more than 30% of the baseline value.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Reference<\/h2><\/div>B<\/span>ennouar<\/span> S, Cherif AB, <\/span>Kessira<\/span> A, <\/span>Bennouar<\/span> DE, Abdi S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll <\/span>Nutr<\/span>. 2021 Feb;40(2):104-110. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1080\/07315724.2020.1856013. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33434117; PMCID: PMC7814570.<\/span> https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33434117\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
Take Home Message<\/h2><\/div>Vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>deficiency<\/span><\/span><\/span> may be<\/span><\/span><\/span> related to <\/span><\/span>short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span>C<\/span><\/span>OVID<\/span><\/span><\/span>-19 outcomes and therefore it may impr<\/span><\/span>ove outcomes to screen and address levels of vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>during treatmen<\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 The study authors recommend furt<\/span><\/span><\/span>her study using randomized controlled trials to evaluate the e<\/span><\/span><\/span>ff<\/span><\/span><\/span>ects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation and confirm <\/span><\/span><\/span>this preliminary hypotheses<\/span><\/span><\/span>, which was drawn from an observational study.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>120 patients<\/span><\/span> (69% males, mean age 62.3)<\/span><\/span> with severe cases of diagnosed COVID-19 admitted to a single center in Algeria from <\/span>July<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 6 to <\/span><\/span>A<\/span><\/span>ugust 14<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 2020<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n- Approximately three-quarters of enrolled patients had an inadequate 25 (OH) D level, distributed as follows: vitamin D insufficiency (19.2%), vitamin D deficiency (29.2%), and severe <\/span>vitamin D deficiency (26.7%).\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Hypocalcemia on admission was also very common as only 35.8% of patients admitted had adequate levels of corrected serum calcium.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- During their follow-up, about 25% of the patients developed an AKI, 19.2% developed a cardiac injury and 30.8% of them did not survive.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- T<\/span>he mean duration between intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death was 7.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7\u2009days, range [03\u201328] days.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- The worse the vitamin D status and the worse the calcium <\/span>levels, the<\/span> worse the outcomes. <\/span>This association was independent of other confounding<\/span> (related)<\/span> factors with already proven prognostic value such as inflammatory markers (CRP, NLR and neutrophils), AKI, cardiac injury, gender, and age.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>This is a small study from a single center<\/span>. They did not look at <\/span>other<\/span> nutritional deficiencies that may have been related and impacted their findings.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>This<\/span><\/span> study demonstrates the high frequency of hypocalcemia and hypovitaminosis D in severe COVID-19 patients and provides further evidence of their potential link to poor short-term prognosis. It is, therefore, possible that correction of albuminemia, hypocalcemia as well as supplementation with vitamin D may attenuate the severity and improve the vital prognosis. Randomized controlled trials should be conducted to evaluate the effects of this supplementation and to confirm preliminary hypotheses drawn from observational studies<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Study Design<\/h2><\/div>All patients were assessed for vitamin D status <\/span>subjects were assigned into one of the following categories based on their total 25 (OH) D levels: optimal: (>78\u2009nmol\/l or >30\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), insufficiency (52\u201375\u2009nmol\/l or 20\u201329\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), deficiency (26\u201352\u2009nmol\/l or 10\u201320\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l) and severe deficiency (<26\u2009nmol\/l or <10\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l). Serum calcium was also assessed<\/span> and<\/span> hypocalcemia was defined as a corrected serum calcium level of less than 2.20\u2009mmol\/<\/span>l<\/span> .<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nIn addition to 25 (OH) D and total serum calcium, all patients were tested upon admission for the following laboratory parameters: hypersensitive troponin (<\/span>hsTrp<\/span>), inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelets; blood glucose and renal markers: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (<\/span>Scr<\/span>); nutritional markers: serum albumin, total protein, and total cholesterol (TC); liver enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), \u03b3-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nAcute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 <\/span>guidelines by<\/span> an increase in serum creatinine of 26.5\u2009<\/span>\u03bcmol<\/span>\/l (03\u2009mg\/l) within 48\u2009hours or at least a 50% increase in serum creatinine over 7\u2009days. Cardiac injury was defined based on the <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> Kit by an <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> >100\u2009ng\/l or an increase of more than 30% of the baseline value.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Reference<\/h2><\/div>B<\/span>ennouar<\/span> S, Cherif AB, <\/span>Kessira<\/span> A, <\/span>Bennouar<\/span> DE, Abdi S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll <\/span>Nutr<\/span>. 2021 Feb;40(2):104-110. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1080\/07315724.2020.1856013. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33434117; PMCID: PMC7814570.<\/span> https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33434117\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
Vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>deficiency<\/span><\/span><\/span> may be<\/span><\/span><\/span> related to <\/span><\/span>short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span>C<\/span><\/span>OVID<\/span><\/span><\/span>-19 outcomes and therefore it may impr<\/span><\/span>ove outcomes to screen and address levels of vitamin D and calcium <\/span><\/span>during treatmen<\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 The study authors recommend furt<\/span><\/span><\/span>her study using randomized controlled trials to evaluate the e<\/span><\/span><\/span>ff<\/span><\/span><\/span>ects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation and confirm <\/span><\/span><\/span>this preliminary hypotheses<\/span><\/span><\/span>, which was drawn from an observational study.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> 120 patients<\/span><\/span> (69% males, mean age 62.3)<\/span><\/span> with severe cases of diagnosed COVID-19 admitted to a single center in Algeria from <\/span>July<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 6 to <\/span><\/span>A<\/span><\/span>ugust 14<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 2020<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> This is a small study from a single center<\/span>. They did not look at <\/span>other<\/span> nutritional deficiencies that may have been related and impacted their findings.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> This<\/span><\/span> study demonstrates the high frequency of hypocalcemia and hypovitaminosis D in severe COVID-19 patients and provides further evidence of their potential link to poor short-term prognosis. It is, therefore, possible that correction of albuminemia, hypocalcemia as well as supplementation with vitamin D may attenuate the severity and improve the vital prognosis. Randomized controlled trials should be conducted to evaluate the effects of this supplementation and to confirm preliminary hypotheses drawn from observational studies<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div> All patients were assessed for vitamin D status <\/span>subjects were assigned into one of the following categories based on their total 25 (OH) D levels: optimal: (>78\u2009nmol\/l or >30\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), insufficiency (52\u201375\u2009nmol\/l or 20\u201329\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l), deficiency (26\u201352\u2009nmol\/l or 10\u201320\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l) and severe deficiency (<26\u2009nmol\/l or <10\u2009<\/span>\u03bcg<\/span>\/l). Serum calcium was also assessed<\/span> and<\/span> hypocalcemia was defined as a corrected serum calcium level of less than 2.20\u2009mmol\/<\/span>l<\/span> .<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n In addition to 25 (OH) D and total serum calcium, all patients were tested upon admission for the following laboratory parameters: hypersensitive troponin (<\/span>hsTrp<\/span>), inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelets; blood glucose and renal markers: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (<\/span>Scr<\/span>); nutritional markers: serum albumin, total protein, and total cholesterol (TC); liver enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) <\/span>glutamo<\/span>-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), \u03b3-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Acute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 <\/span>guidelines by<\/span> an increase in serum creatinine of 26.5\u2009<\/span>\u03bcmol<\/span>\/l (03\u2009mg\/l) within 48\u2009hours or at least a 50% increase in serum creatinine over 7\u2009days. Cardiac injury was defined based on the <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> Kit by an <\/span>hsTrp<\/span> >100\u2009ng\/l or an increase of more than 30% of the baseline value.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> B<\/span>ennouar<\/span> S, Cherif AB, <\/span>Kessira<\/span> A, <\/span>Bennouar<\/span> DE, Abdi S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll <\/span>Nutr<\/span>. 2021 Feb;40(2):104-110. <\/span>doi<\/span>: 10.1080\/07315724.2020.1856013. <\/span>Epub<\/span> 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33434117; PMCID: PMC7814570.<\/span> https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33434117\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>Who<\/h2><\/div>
Results<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\n
<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Things to Keep in Mind<\/h2><\/div>
Author\u2019s Conclusions<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
”<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Study Design<\/h2><\/div>
Reference<\/h2><\/div>